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Counter electrode   A counter electrode is an essential component in electrochemical experiments. It forms a circuit with the working electrode to allow the current to pass, ensuring that the studied reaction occurs on the working electrode.   In electrochemical experiments, a three-electrode system is commonly used, which includes the working electrode, reference electrode, and counter electrode. The working electrode is responsible for the studied reaction, while the reference electrode provides a stable potential as a reference to accurately measure the potential changes on the working electrode.On the other hand, the counter electrode is employed to forms a circuit with the working electrode to maintaining the stability of current.  

Primary Battery: Technical Overview and Operational Principles Definition and Functional Mechanism A primary battery, frequently categorized as a non-rechargeable galvanic cell, serves as a standalone energy source designed to convert chemical energy into electrical power through spontaneous electrochemical reactions. Unlike secondary cells, these units are engineered for a unidirectional discharge cycle, delivering a consistent current to an external load once the circuit is closed between its two polar terminals. Core Components and Structural Composition The architecture of a primary cell typically integrates one or multiple high-purity chemical active materials. The fundamental electrochemical assembly comprises: The Anode (Negative Electrode): The site where oxidation occurs, releasing electrons to the external circuit. The