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In the development and production of batteries, the three-electrode test system is an important analytical tool for accurately measuring and analyzing the electrochemical properties of battery electrodes. Compared with the traditional two-electrode system, the three-electrode system can better dissect the electrode behavior and reaction kinetics in batteries, and is therefore widely used in material testing and pole-and-ear cell testing. In this paper, we will introduce in detail the principle, working mechanism, application scenarios, equipment and fixture selection of three-electrode testing, as well as the influence of pole-ear design in three-electrode testing, safety considerations, and the need for equipment features. 1. Three-electrode material testing 1.1 Principle of three-electrode testing A three-electrode

What is Atomic Force Microscope （AFM）? The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is a high-resolution scanning probe microscopy technique, jointly invented by Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer, and Calvin Quate in 1986. AFM operates by measuring the interaction forces between a sharp probe mounted on a microcantilever and the surface of a sample. This method allows for the detection of surface topography and physical properties of the sample at the atomic level. The working principle of Atomic Force Microscope Within an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) setup, a highly responsive microcantilever is anchored at one extremity, while the opposing end carries a nanoscopic probe that interacts delicately with the specimen’s exterior. Due to

Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) is a technical method for studying the behavior, kinetics, and rate-determining steps of electrochemical reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface. This method is simple to test, rapid in response, and provides rich information from the cyclic voltammograms obtained. It has a wide range of applications in the fields of materials science, chemistry, environmental science, and biochemistry. Particularly, it is indispensable for advancing knowledge and technological progress in the field of electrochemistry. Through Cyclic Voltammetry, one can determine electrode reversibility, electrode reaction mechanisms, and perform quantitative analysis in electrochemical experiments.     1. The principle of cyclic voltammetry Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) is an electrochemical analysis technique that studies the

Temperature has a significant impact on battery performance, particularly in lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used in various applications due to their high energy density and stability. Here’s a detailed overview of the effects of temperature on batteries. Performance at High Temperatures High temperatures, especially above 35°C (95°F), can accelerate chemical reactions within the battery, leading to faster degradation and reduced lifespan .Overheating can cause thermal runaway, a dangerous condition where the battery can catch fire or explode . Prolonged exposure to high temperatures also increases safety risks and can lead to device failure . Performance at Low Temperatures Low temperatures, particularly below 0°C, impair charging efficiency as the internal